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Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman said that “no one understands quantum mechanics”, despite his having delivered a famous set of lectures on the subject. Despite this drawback, many companies, such as Google, IBM and others, are now building small, early working models of quantum computers, which promise to solve certain classes of mathematical problems drastically faster…
The world of technology moves rapidly, and it is hard to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Just ask Blackberry (business smartphones), Nokia (mobile phones), Yahoo (search), AOL (email and chat), MySpace (social network) and Kodak (film). Technology companies seek to build a “moat”, a durable competitive advantage that is hard to copy. Such a moat…
We usually think of AI running on web-connected servers in the cloud somewhere, but what about AI running on a stand-alone device, not connected to the internet? There are actually more examples of this than you may realise. To start with, security cameras detect motion or objects locally without sending data to the cloud. Self-driving…
One mantra regarding large language models (LLMs) is that bigger is better. Parameters are the learned weights of a model, while tokens represent the pieces of text used to train it. The more training tokens an LLM sees, the more fluent the answers it produces. This assumption that bigger is better is what has driven…
There are a range of security concerns associated with large language models (LLMs), which are the basis of popular artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini. For one thing, the chatbots themselves are vulnerable to malicious prompts from anyone who interacts with them. Such “prompt injection” attacks can cause LLMs to behave in…
Imagine giving a robot a multiple-choice exam, but then realising it already knows all the answers. When a new version of an AI model is released by a major vendor like OpenAI, Anthropic, or Google, it usually comes with a series of statements about how well the model performs on benchmark tests. These benchmarks may…
As large language models (LLMs) have become popular, the next phase of artificial intelligence being sold to corporations by vendors is “agentic AI”. This is the idea of AI systems capable of taking autonomous actions without human supervision. An AI agent is an individual software component able to make decisions and carry out tasks, such…
Artificial intelligence, particularly generative AI, based on large language models (LLMs) has had a seismic impact on the world since ChatGPT’s public release in November 2022. Half of all internet content is now AI-generated, over half of all venture capital investment is AI-related, and NVIDIA became the most valuable company in the world in July…
The web browsing market has been relatively stable for some years, with Google Chrome holding 72% market share in 2025, ahead of Apple’s Safari at 12%. These are followed by Microsoft Edge, Firefox and Opera. Recently, the AI chatbot vendors have decided to muscle in on this market, and existing incumbents have added AI features…
I recently stumbled across an AI curiosity via a post on LinkedIn. Before we explore this, a little background is necessary. When a large language model (LLM) gets a prompt then it has to decide how long to make its answer – a few sentences, or something longer? The LLM actually generates an “end of…