Because of the buzz around generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT and Claude, it is easy to forget that large language models (LLMs) which power generative AI, are just a subset of AI. There are actually many forms of AI around, from old-fashioned expert systems to machine learning, to reinforcement learning systems to newer…
Chat GPT 5, released in August 2025, has produced a range of entertaining hallucinations that went viral, including an image of US presidents, including “Richard Ninun” (instead of Nixon), seemingly born in 1969 but died in 1974, just five years later (Nixon was actually born in 1913 and died in 1994). The very same image…
The English poet William Cowper wrote that “God moves in a mysterious way, his wonders to perform” in his 1773 poem “Light Shining out of Darkness”. The same could be said of large language models (LLMs), the technology underpinning generative AI. LLMs are capable of extremely fluent conversation and answer questions with authority and confidence,…
We are used to dealing with multiple sensory inputs: the information from our senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. We combine this information to make decisions easily and unconsciously. By contrast, artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots based on large language models (LLMs) have been mostly restricted to a single mode of communication – text.…
As generative artificial intelligence (AI) flooded into the public consciousness in late 2022, corporations wrestled with how best to utilise and control it at work. Initial hopes of productivity improvements were tempered by the realisation that the public chatbots like ChatGPT and Claude were executing prompts on their servers. This content, which at work could…
The release of ChatGPT in November 2022 opened the eyes of most of the world to the power of large language models (LLMs). This is the core technology that underpins ChatGPT and its rivals Claude, Gemini, Perplexity, etc, as well as their image-generating cousins Midjourney, Leonardo, Imagen, Firefly and Sora. Excitement about LLMs reached a…
Artificial intelligence requires plenty of computing power. Large language models (LLMs), the technology underlying generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, require vast amounts of data to train on, and in turn, this training requires massive computing power. Executing a prompt in an AI chatbot requires processing power, and it is estimated that executing an AI…
The oil and gas industries are some of the largest in the world, with a market size of over $7 trillion. Just over half of that is exploration and production, the rest being refining and distribution. It employs over 12 million people, with a further 60 million employed indirectly by its suppliers. While an oil…
Large language models (LLMs) are the underlying technology of popular generative AI applications like ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Perplexity and Grok. They are well known for their ability to generate fluent text in response to natural language prompts from users, such as: “write me an essay on the industrial revolution”, or “draft me a letter for…
“Large language models” (LLMs) underly all the current generative artificial intelligence (gen AI) tools such as ChatGPT, Claude, Perplexity, Gemini and Grok. The same technology is also the basis for the AI image and video tools like Midjourney, DALL-E! Leonardo, Firefly and Stable Diffusion. Before we get into the main thrust of this blog, which…